Objective: Review the 7th, 8th, and 10th Commandments and pray for honesty and detachment.
Recall: the Seventh Commandment guards justice in goods, the Eighth guards truth and good name, and the Tenth frees the heart from greed. Pray together: 'Set a guard over my mouth, O Lord; keep watch over the door of my lips' (Psalm 141:3) — a prayer for the Eighth Commandment's call to truthful, kind speech, fitting for Lent.
1Which of the three commandments do you find most challenging, and why?
Activity
Pray Psalm 141:3 aloud together.
'Set a guard over my mouth, O Lord.' — Psalm 141:3
Memory Work
Keep to 5 minutes.
Grammar20 min
Common Usage Errors II: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement; Who vs. Whom
Objective: Make pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and gender, and choose correctly between who and whom.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT. A pronoun must match its antecedent (the noun it stands for) in number and gender. Singular antecedent, singular pronoun: 'Each monk kept HIS rule' (not 'their'). Plural antecedent, plural pronoun: 'The monks kept THEIR rule.' Watch the tricky singular words 'each, every, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody' — they are singular: 'Everyone brought HIS OR HER book' (formal) or recast as plural: 'The students brought THEIR books.' Also watch collective nouns: 'The council made ITS decision' (the council acts as one body).
WHO vs. WHOM. 'Who' is a subject (like he/she); 'whom' is an object (like him/her). The trick: answer the question with he or him. If the answer is HE, use WHO; if the answer is HIM, use WHOM (both end in -m). Examples: 'WHO founded the Jesuits?' (He founded them - subject - who.) 'To WHOM did Ignatius write?' (He wrote to him - object - whom.) 'Teresa, WHO reformed the Carmelites...' (She reformed - who). 'The friar WHOM she trusted...' (She trusted him - object - whom).
1Why are words like 'everyone' and 'each' singular even though they feel like a group?
2What is the 'he/him' trick for choosing who vs. whom?
Activity
Practice — fix or choose correctly in these 5 items: (1) Everyone should bring their own missal. (2) The Council reached their decision. (3) (Who/Whom) wrote the Spiritual Exercises? (4) St. Teresa, (who/whom) the bishop admired, founded many convents. (5) Each of the friars said their prayers.
Vocabulary
antecedent
the noun that a pronoun refers back to
agreement
the match in number and gender between a pronoun and its antecedent
Who = he (subject); whom = him (object) — both whom and him end in -m.
Memory Work
ANSWER KEY: (1) 'Everyone should bring HIS OR HER own missal' (or recast: 'The students should bring their own missals'). (2) 'The Council reached ITS decision.' (3) WHO (He wrote them). (4) WHOM (the bishop admired HIM/HER - object). (5) 'Each of the friars said HIS prayers.' Accept the recast-to-plural solution for the singular-indefinite items as fully correct.
Geography30 min
The Global Reach of Catholic Missions
Objective: Map the worldwide mission fields of the Catholic Reformation and the sea routes that connected them.
The Catholic Reformation was not only a renewal in Europe — it sent the faith around the globe in one of history's great missionary expansions, carried along the new sea routes opened by Portugal and Spain. St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552), one of Ignatius's first companions, became the greatest missionary since the apostles: he sailed from Portugal around Africa to India (Goa), then on to the Spice Islands, and finally to Japan, baptizing thousands and dying within sight of China. The Portuguese route ran east — around the Cape of Good Hope, across the Indian Ocean to India, the East Indies, and Japan. The Spanish route ran west — across the Atlantic to the Americas (Mexico, Peru) and then across the Pacific from Acapulco to the Philippines (Manila). Meanwhile, as you saw yesterday, Franciscans and Jesuits evangelized North America. Today you map this global reach.
Drawing task: On a blank world map, (1) trace the Portuguese eastern route (Lisbon - around Africa - Goa, India - Malacca - Japan) in one color; (2) trace the Spanish western route (Spain - Mexico - across the Pacific to the Philippines) in another; (3) mark and label key mission sites: Goa, Japan, the Philippines (Manila), Mexico City, New Mexico, Florida, and New France/Great Lakes; (4) add a star where Francis Xavier died (off the China coast). Add a key.
1How did the sea routes opened by exploration make the great missions possible?
2Why did the Portuguese sail east and the Spanish sail west to reach the same general region (Asia)?
3What hardships would a missionary like Francis Xavier have faced on these voyages?
Activity
Complete the world map of Catholic mission routes and sites as described, with a color key.
Vocabulary
Cape of Good Hope
the southern tip of Africa rounded by ships sailing east to Asia
Goa
the Portuguese trading and mission center on the west coast of India
St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552) — apostle to India, the East Indies, and Japan.
Memory Work
Prep: print the blank world map. ANSWER/KEY for routes: Portuguese east route = Lisbon, around Cape of Good Hope, Goa, Malacca, Japan; Spanish west route = Spain, Caribbean/Mexico, then Manila galleon Acapulco-to-Manila. Allow the full 30 minutes. The student may reuse the broad exploration routes from Week 19-20.
Wrap-Up5 min
Notebook Wrap
Objective: Lock in the missionary reach and the grammar rules.
Beneath your map, write one sentence on how far the faith traveled in a single generation. On your grammar page, write: 'Who = he; whom = him.'
Activity
Write the map summary sentence and the grammar memory line.