Objective: The student can name the basic forms of prayer and recall the order of the Our Father's petitions.
A quick review before today's skills work. YOUCAT (Q485-Q487) names the great forms of Christian prayer, summed up by the word ACTS: Adoration (praising God for who he is), Contrition (sorrow for sin), Thanksgiving (gratitude for his gifts), and Supplication (asking for what we and others need). The Our Father, which we studied on Day 1, holds all of these in perfect order: it adores ('hallowed be thy name'), it longs for God's reign, it submits to his will, and only then asks for bread, forgiveness, and protection. Pray the Our Father slowly together, this time noticing which form each line expresses.
Keep to 5 minutes; this is review, not new teaching.
Grammar20 min
Cumulative Review: Parts of Speech & Sentence Diagramming
Objective: The student can identify all eight parts of speech in a sentence and diagram a simple sentence with subject, verb, object, and modifiers.
This week we pull together a year of grammar. The eight parts of speech are: noun (names a person, place, thing, or idea), pronoun (replaces a noun), verb (action or being), adjective (describes a noun), adverb (describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb), preposition (shows relationship — in, on, under, before), conjunction (joins — and, but, because), and interjection (an exclamation — Oh! Alas!).
Diagramming makes a sentence's skeleton visible. The basic baseline holds the SUBJECT and the VERB, separated by a vertical line that crosses the baseline. A direct object goes after the verb, separated by a short vertical line that sits ON the baseline (not crossing it). Modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases) hang on slanted lines beneath the word they modify.
Worked example: 'The wise philosophers boldly questioned old traditions.'
- Baseline: philosophers | questioned | traditions
- 'The' and 'wise' slant under 'philosophers' (adjectives).
- 'boldly' slants under 'questioned' (adverb).
- 'old' slants under 'traditions' (adjective).
The core sentence is 'philosophers questioned traditions'; everything else decorates that frame.
1Why does finding the verb first make a sentence easier to diagram?
2How does diagramming help you see whether a sentence is actually complete?
Activity
Diagram the practice sentences below. For each, first underline the subject once and the verb twice, then build the diagram.
Vocabulary
direct object
The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb (questioned WHAT? traditions).
modifier
A word or phrase that describes or limits another word (adjectives and adverbs).
The eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
Memory Work
PRACTICE ITEMS: (1) 'Locke defended natural rights.' (2) 'The clever writer often mocked superstition.' (3) 'Franklin quietly invented a useful stove.' (4) 'Reason and faith seek truth together.' (5) 'Voltaire bravely demanded religious tolerance.'
ANSWER KEY — parts of speech and core diagram:
(1) Locke (noun-subject) | defended (verb) | rights (direct object); 'natural' = adjective under 'rights.'
(2) writer (noun-subj, 'The'+'clever' adjectives) | mocked (verb, 'often' adverb) | superstition (DO).
(3) Franklin (subj) | invented (verb, 'quietly' adverb) | stove (DO, 'a'+'useful' adjectives).
(4) Reason / faith (compound subject joined by 'and') | seek (verb) | truth (DO); 'together' = adverb under 'seek.'
(5) Voltaire (subj) | demanded (verb, 'bravely' adverb) | tolerance (DO, 'religious' adjective).
Accept any clear hand-drawn diagram that places subject/verb/object on the baseline and modifiers on slanted lines beneath the right words.
Geography30 min
The Atlantic World of Ideas and Trade (~1760)
Objective: The student can draw and label the Atlantic basin and the routes of the triangular trade, locating the powers that exchanged goods, people, and ideas.
The Enlightenment was carried not only by ideas but by ships. By 1760 the Atlantic Ocean had become a busy highway linking four shores: Western Europe (Britain, France, Spain, Portugal), West Africa, the Caribbean and South America, and North America's eastern seaboard. Along these routes flowed books and pamphlets — Locke and Voltaire read on both sides of the ocean — but also goods and, tragically, enslaved human beings.
The so-called 'triangular trade' had three legs. From Europe, ships carried manufactured goods (cloth, guns, rum) south to West Africa. There, in the great moral evil of the age, they took aboard enslaved Africans and carried them across the Atlantic — the brutal 'Middle Passage' — to the plantations of the Caribbean and the Americas. From the Americas, ships returned to Europe laden with sugar, tobacco, and cotton. This is the dark underside of the Atlantic world we must study honestly: the same century that proclaimed the 'rights of man' also ran an economy built on stolen freedom. Holding both truths at once — the rise of liberty and the persistence of slavery — is part of understanding the age. Today you will map this Atlantic system.
1How could the same century preach 'natural rights' and operate the slave trade at the same time?
2Why did the Atlantic become a highway of ideas as well as goods?
Activity
On a blank Atlantic-centered map, draw and label: Western Europe (Britain, France, Spain, Portugal), West Africa, the Caribbean, Brazil, and the 13 colonies. Then draw the three arrows of the triangular trade and label what each leg carried (goods to Africa; enslaved people to the Americas; sugar/tobacco/cotton to Europe). Add a compass rose.
Vocabulary
triangular trade
The three-legged Atlantic trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Middle Passage
The brutal sea voyage that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.
The three legs: Europe → Africa (goods); Africa → Americas (enslaved people, the Middle Passage); Americas → Europe (sugar, tobacco, cotton).
Memory Work
Prep: print the blank map in advance. SENSITIVITY: the slave trade is grave. Speak of it with sober honesty — naming it as a true evil and as the contradiction at the heart of an age that praised liberty — without graphic detail. This frames the slavery content that returns in Weeks 23 (covered) and 29. Keep the moral clarity simple: every human being bears God's image, and the trade violated that dignity.
Wrap-Up5 min
Notebook Wrap
Objective: The student consolidates the skills day.
Make sure your five diagrams and your Atlantic map are complete and labeled. Then write one sentence: what surprised you most about the Atlantic world of 1760?
Activity
Finish diagrams and map; write the reflection sentence.
Check the diagrams against the answer key before moving on.